肝脏(liver)是人体中最大的腺体，也是最大的实质性脏器，主要位于右季肋部和上腹部，小部分位于左季肋部。我国成年人肝脏的重量，男性为1230～1450g，女性为1100～1300g，约占体重的1/40～1/50。在胎儿和新生儿时，肝的体积相对较大，可达体重的1/20。中国人的肝长径、宽径为25×15cm。肝脏有丰富的血液供应，呈现红褐色，质软而脆。肝右端圆钝厚重，左端窄薄呈楔形，有上、下两面，前后左右四缘。上面隆凸贴于膈，由镰状韧带分为左、右两叶；下面略凹，邻接附近脏器，此面有略呈形的左右纵沟及横沟，左侧沟窄而深，沟前部有肝圆韧带，右纵沟阔而浅，前部有胆囊窝容纳胆囊，后部有下腔静脉窝通过下腔静脉。横沟内有门静脉、肝动脉、胆管、神经及淋巴管出入，称为肝门。肝上界与膈穹隆一致，成人肝的上界一般在锁骨中线交于第肋水平。肝大部分为肋弓所覆盖，仅在腹上部左、右肋弓之间露出，贴靠腹前壁，所以，正常时在右肋缘下不易触及肝下界。如果肝上界的位置正常，成人如果在右肋缘下触及肝脏，则为病理性肝肿大。小儿肝脏下界可低于肋弓。由于肝上面借冠状韧带连于膈，故当呼吸时，肝可随膈的运动而上下移动。腹上部以及右季肋区如受到暴力打击或肋骨骨折时，可导致肝脏破裂。肝的邻近脏器为左叶上面膈邻近心包和心脏。右叶上面膈邻近右胸膜腔和右肺，因此肝右叶脓肿有时侵蚀膈面而波及右胸膜腔和右肺。右叶后缘内侧邻近食道，左叶下面接触胃前壁，方叶下接触幽门，右叶下面前边接触结肠右曲，中部近肝门处邻接十二指肠。后边接触肾和肾上腺。肝以肝内血管和肝内裂隙为基础，可分为五叶、四段：即左内叶、左外叶、右前叶、右后叶尾叶;左外叶又分为左外叶上、下段，右后外又分为右后叶上、下段。肝脏被许多条韧带固定于腹腔内，肝脏表面被灰白色的肝包膜包裹着。肝脏的血液供应来自门静脉，来自肝动脉。门静脉的终支在肝内扩大为静脉窦，它是肝小叶内血液流通的管道。肝动脉是来自心脏的动脉血，主要供给氧气，门静脉收集消化道的静脉血主要供给营养。
Liver, mainly lying in right hypochondrium and epigastrium, is the biggest gland in human body. It's also the biggest material visceral organ. The liver weight of adult rangs between 1230 and 1450 gram for male, and 1100 and 1300 gram for female, approximately occupying 1/40~1/50 of body weight. Comparing with adult, the liver volume of fetus and neonate is relatively bigger , and the weight can reach 1/20 of body weight. The long and wide diameter of Chinese liver is 25cm and 15cm, respectively. The liver is rich in blood supply, so presenting rufous. The liver is soft and crisp in quality. The right of liver is obtuse, massive, and heavy, but the left of liver is narrow and thin, presenting wedge-shape. Liver has 2 faces and 4 brims, which is upper face and lower face, front, rear, left, and right brim, respectively. The upper face is bulgy and clingy to diaphragm, which is divided into two lobes by sickle ligament. The lower face is slightly cupped adjoin to near visceral organs. In this face, there are slight visible left lognitudinal trench, right lognitudinat trench and transverse trench. The left trench is narrow and deep, in front of which liver round ligament come through, but the right one is wide and shallow.
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